1. The Civil Rights Movement (1950s-1960s):

• Description: A struggle, especially in the U.S., to end institutionalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement, and racial segregation. Icons like Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks played significant roles.
• Impact: Elimination of de jure racial segregation, establishment of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act, and a profound change in the socio-political landscape of the U.S.
• Further Reading: "The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr." edited by Clayborne Carson

2. The Suffragette Movement (late 19th-early 20th century):

• Description: A movement to champion women's right to vote in public elections. Led by figures like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony.
• Impact: Granted voting rights to women in many countries, reshaped the political landscape, and set the stage for further women's rights advocacy.
• Further Reading: "The Suffragettes: The Fight for Votes for Women" by Joyce Marlow

3. Environmentalism (late 20th century-present):

• Description: A broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment.
• Impact: Led to the establishment of environmental laws, treaties, and organizations. Raised awareness about issues like climate change, deforestation, and biodiversity loss.
• Further Reading: "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson

4. The Anti-Apartheid Movement (mid-20th century):

• Description: A movement to end the policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government. Nelson Mandela became its most recognizable figure.
• Impact: Led to the abolition of apartheid laws, the release of political prisoners like Mandela, and the establishment of a multiracial general election in 1994.
• Further Reading: "Long Walk to Freedom" by Nelson Mandela